The ear is divided into three parts: an external ear, a middle ear and an inner ear. Each part performs an important function in the process of hearing.

The external ear consists of an auricle and ear canal. These structures gather the sound and direct it toward the eardrum membrane.

The middle ear chamber lies between the external and inner ear. This chamber is connected to the back of the throat by the eustachian tube which serves as a pressure equalizing valve. The middle ear consists of an eardrum and three small ear bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). These structures transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear. They act as a transformer, converting sound vibrations in the external ear canal into fluid waves in the inner ear. a disturbance of the eustachian tube, eardrum or the bones may result in a conductive hearing impairment. This type of impairment is usually correctable medically or surgically.

The inner ear chamber contains the microscopic hearing nerve endings bathed in fluid. Inner ear fluid waves stimulate the delicate nerve endings which in turn transmit sound energy to the brain where it is interpreted. a disturbance in the inner ear fluids or nerve endings may result in a sensorineural (nerve) hearing impairment. This type of impairment is usually not correctable.

The eustachian tube is a narrow, one and a half inch long channel in the back of the nose which connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and the upper throat area just above the palate.

The eustachian tube functions as a pressure equalizing valve for the middle ear which is normally filled with air. When functioning properly, the eustachian tube opens for a fraction of a second periodically (about once every three minutes) in response to swallowing or yawning. It allows air into the middle ear to replace air that has been absorbed by the middle ear lining (mucous membrane) or to equalize pressure changes occurring on altitude changes. Anything that interferes with this periodic opening and closing of the eustachian tube ma result in hearing impairment or other ear symptoms.

Obstruction or blockage of the eustachian tube results in a negative middle ear pressure, with retraction (sucking in) of the eardrum membrane. In the adult, this is usually accompanied by some ear discomfort ( a fullness or pressure feeling) and may result in a mild hearing impairment and head noise (tinnitus). There may be no symptoms in children. If the obstruction is prolonged, fluid may be drawn from the mucous membrane of the middle ear creating a condition we call serous otitis media (fluid in the middle ear). This occurs frequently in children in connection with upper respiratory infections and accounts for the hearing impairment associated with this condition.

Occasionally just the opposite from blockage occurs: the tube remains open for prolonged periods. This is called abnormal patency of the eustachian tube. This condition is less common than serous otitis media and occurs primarily in adults. Because the tube is constantly open, the patient hears his voice reverberate and may hear himself breathe. Fullness and a blocked feeling are not uncommon. Abnormal patency of the eustachian tube is annoying but does not produce hearing impairment.

Individuals with a eustachian tube problem may experience difficulty equalizing middle ear pressure when flying.

When an aircraft ascends, atmospheric pressure decreases, resulting in a relative increase in the middle ear air pressure. When the aircraft descends, just the opposite occurs: atmospheric pressure increases and there is a relative decrease in the middle ear pressure. Either situation may result in discomfort in the ear due to abnormal middle ear pressure if the eustachian tube is not functioning properly. Usually this discomfort is experienced upon aircraft descent.

To avoid middle ear problems associated with flying, you should not fly if you have an acute upper respiratory problem such as a common cold, allergy attack, or sinus infection. Should you have such a problem, or should you have a chronic eustachian tube problem and must fly, you may help to avoid ear difficulty by observing the following recommendations:

1. Obtain from your druggist the following non-prescription items: Sudafed tablets; plastic squeeze bottle of one-quarter (1/4%) Neo-Synephrine nasal spray or Afrin nasal spray.
2. Following the container directions, begin taking Sudafed tablets the day before your air flight. Continue the medication for twenty-four (24) hours after the flight if you have experienced any ear difficulty.
3. Following the container directions, use the nasal spray shortly before boarding the aircraft. Should your ears "plug up" upon ascent, hold your nose and swallow. This will help suck excess air pressure out of the middle ear.
4. Thirty minutes before the aircraft is due to land again use the nasal spray. Chew gum to stimulate swallowing. Should your ears "plug up" despite this, hold your nose and blow forcibly to try to blow air up the eustachian tube into the middle ear (Valsalva maneuver).
5. Remember that it is unwise to fly if you have an acute upper respiratory infection. Should flying be necessary under these circumstances DO NOT perform the Valsalva maneuver mentioned above.

None of these recommendations or precautions need be followed if you have middle ear ventilation tube in your eardrum membrane.

• Normal eustachian tube function.
• Eustachian tube blockage
• Acute suppurative otitis media
• Serous otitis media -Acute
• Serous otitis media - Chronic
• Chronic serous mastoiditis or idiopathic hemotympanum
• An abnormally patent eustachian tube
• Palatal Myoclonus

Hearing is measured in decibels (dB). The hearing level of 0-25 dB is considered normal hearing for conventional purposes.

(Conversion to degree of handicap)

Serous otitis media is the term we use to describe a collection of fluid in the middle ear. This may be acute or chronic.

Acute serous otitis media is usually the result of blockage of the eustachian tube from an upper respiratory infection or an attack of nasal allergy. In the presence of bacteria, this fluid may be come infected leading to an acute suppurative otitis media (infected or abscessed middle ear). When infection does not develop, the fluid remains until the eustachian tube again begins to function normally, at which time the fluid is absorbed or drains down the tube into the throat.

Chronic serous otitis media may result from longstanding eustachian tube blockage, or from thickening of the fluids so that it cannot be absorbed or drained down the tube. This chronic condition is usually associated with hearing impairment. There may be recurrent ear pain, especially when the individual catches a cold. Fortunately serous otitis media may persist for many years without producing any permanent damage to the middle ear mechanism. The presence of fluid in the middle ear, however, makes it very susceptible to recurrent acute infections. These recurrent infections may result in middle ear damage.

Serous otitis media may result from any condition that interferes with the periodic opening and closing of the eustachian tube. The causes may be congenital (present at birth), may be due to infection or allergy, or may be due to blockage of the tube by adenoids.

The size and shape of the eustachian tube is different in children than in adults. This accounts for the act that serous otitis media is more common in very young children. Some children inherit small eustachian tubes from their parents; this accounts in part for the familial tendency to middle ear infection. As the child matures, the eustachian tube usually assumes a more adult shape.

Serous otitis media is more common in the child with a cleft palate. This is due to the fact that the muscles that move the palate also open the eustachian tube. These muscles are deficient or abnormal in the cleft palate child.

The lining membrane (mucous membrane) of the middle ear and eustachian tube is connected with, and is the same as, the membrane of the nose, sinuses, and throat. Infection of these areas results in mucous membrane swelling which in turn may result in eustachian tube obstruction.

Allergic reactions in the nose and throat result in mucous membrane swelling, and this swelling may also affect the eustachian tube. This reaction may be acute, as in a hay fever type reaction, or may be chronic, as in many varieties of "chronic sinusitis".

The adenoids are located in the nasopharynx, in the area around and between the eustachian tube openings. When enlarged, the adenoids may block the eustachian tube opening.

Treatment of acute serous otitis media is medical, and is directed towards treatment of the upper respiratory infection or allergy attacks. This may include antibiotics, antihistamines (anti-allergy drugs), decongestants (drugs to decrease mucous membrane swelling) and nasal sprays.

In the presence of an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold, tonsillitis or sinusitis, fluid in the middle ear may become infected. This results in what is commonly called an abscessed ear or an infected ear.

The infected fluid (pus) in the middle ear may cause severe pain. If examination reveals that there is considerable ear pressure, a myringotomy (incision of the eardrum membrane) may be necessary to relieve the abscess and the pain. In many cases, antibiotic treatment will suffice.

Should myringotomy be necessary, the ear may drain pus and blood for up to a week. The eardrum then heals and the hearing usually returns to normal within three to four weeks.

Antibiotic treatment, with or without myringotomy, usually results in normal middle ear function within three to four weeks. During this healing period there are varying degrees of ear pressure, popping, clicking and fluctuation of hearing, occasionally with shooting pains in the ear.

Resolution of the acute infection occasionally leaves the patient with uninfected fluid in the middle ear. This is called chronic serous otitis media.

Treatment of chronic serous otitis media may be either medical or surgical

As the acute upper respiratory infection subsides it may leave the patient with chronic sinus infection. Pus from the sinuses and nose drains over the eustachian tube opening in the nasopharynx resulting in persistent eustachian tube blockage. Antibiotic treatment may be indicated.

General health factors are particularly important in regard to one’s resistance to infection. a deficiency in some of the blood proteins may predispose an individual to recurrent infections and prolonged colds. Periodic injections of gamma globulin may be indicated.

Allergy is often a major factor in the development or persistence of serous otitis media. Mild cases may be treated with antihistamine drugs. More persistent cases may require allergic evaluation and treatment, including injection treatment.

In connection with medical treatment, we may recommend eustachian tube inflation, the blowing of air through the nose into the obstructed eustachian tube and middle ear to help relieve the congestion and reestablish middle ear ventilation. This is done by either the Valsalva maneuver or politerization.

The Valsalva maneuver is accomplished by forcibly blowing air into the middle ear while holding the nose, often called "popping the ear". This should not be done, however, if there is a cold and nasal congestion.

Politerization is accomplished by blowing air with a special syringe (middle ear inflator) into one nostril while blocking the other, and at the same time swallowing. This forces the air into the eustachian tube and middle ear. This likewise should not be performed when a cold is present.

The primary objective of surgical treatment of chronic serous otitis media is to reestablish ventilation of the middle ear, keeping the hearing at a normal level and preventing recurrent infection that might damage the eardrum membrane and middle ear bones. This involves myringotomy with insertion of a ventilation tube and, at times, adenoidectomy.

Myringotomy (an incision in the eardrum membrane) is performed to remove middle ear fluid. a hollow plastic tube (ventilation tube) is inserted to prevent the incision from healing and to insure middle ear ventilation. The ventilation tube temporarily takes the place of the eustachian tube in equalizing middle ear pressure. This plastic tube usually remains in place for three to nine months during which time the eustachian tube blockage should subside. When the tube blockage dislodges, the eardrum heals; the eustachian tube then resumes its normal pressure equalizing function.

In adults, myringotomy and insertion of a ventilation tube is usually performed in the office under local anesthesia. In children, general anesthesia is required. The adenoids can be removed if enlarged.

More often than not when the ventilation tube dislodges there is no further middle ear ventilation problem. Should serous otitis media recur, reinsertion of a tube may be necessary. In some difficult cases, it is necessary to insert a more permanent type of tube (a hydroxyapatite ventilation tube). This tube is inserted via an operation and will remain in place until removed. At times a permanent eardrum membrane perforation (hole in the eardrum) develops when the tube is dislodged or removed. If this perforation persists, it can be repaired at a later date when the eustachian tube blockage has subsided.

When a ventilation tube is in place the patient may carry on normal activities, with the exception that he must not allow water to enter the ear canal. Your doctor will recommend an ear plug for use when showing, washing the hair or swimming.

Chronic serous mastoiditis and idiopathic hemotympanum are uncommon conditions which have the same symptoms as chronic serous otitis media. They differ in that the middle ear fluid continues to form, either drainage out the ventilation tube or blocking it completely so that the tube dislodges shortly after surgery. This persistent fluid formation is due to changes in the mucous membrane of the middle ear and mastoid.

In both of the above conditions mastoid surgery may be necessary to control the problem and reestablish a normal middle ear mechanism.

Abnormal patency of the eustachian tube is a condition occurring primarily in adults, in which the eustachian tube remains "open" for prolonged periods. This abnormality may produce many distressing symptoms: ear fulness and blockage, a hollow feeling, hearing one’s own breathing, and voice reverberation. It does not produce hearing impairment.

The exact cause of an abnormal patent eustachian tube is often difficult to determine. At times, it develops during pregnancy, or while taking oral contraceptives or other hormones.

Treatment of this harmless condition is often difficult. a number of different medications are at times successful in alleviating the symptoms. Myringotomy and insertion of ventilation tube (as described under the surgical treatment of serous otitis media) is often effective.

Palatal myoclonus is a rare condition in which muscles of the palate (back of the mouth)twitch rhythmically many times a minute. The cause o this harmless muscle spasm is unknown.

The patient may experience a rhythmic clicking or snapping sound in the ear as the eustachian tube opens and closes. Sedatives or tranquilizers often are effective in controlling the symptoms. No treatment is needed in many cases.

Occasionally, the snapping sound in the ear is caused by simultaneous spasm of the two muscles attached to the middle ear bones. Cutting one or both of these muscles usually relieves the symptoms.

The operation is performed under local anesthesia through the ear canal. Hospitalization is necessary for one night following surgery and the patient may return to his usual activities in a few days.